A door may be stopped by a door stop which is simply a heavy solid object, such as a rubber, placed in the path of the door. These stops are predominantly improvised. Historically, lead
bricks have been popular choices when available. However, as the toxic
nature of lead has been revealed, this use has been strongly
discouraged.
Another method is to use a door stop which is a small wedge of wood, rubber, plastic, cotton
or another material. Manufactured wedges of these materials are
commonly available. The wedge is kicked into position and the downward
force of the door, now jammed upwards onto the doorstop, provides enough
static friction to keep it motionless.
A third strategy is to equip the door itself with a stopping
mechanism. In this case, a short metal bar capped with rubber, or
another high friction material, is attached to a hinge
near the bottom of the door opposite the door hinge and on the side of
the door which is in the direction that it closes. When the door is to
be kept open, the bar is swung down so that the rubber end touches the
floor. In this configuration, further movement of the door towards being
closed increases the force on the rubber end, thereby increasing the
frictional force which opposes the movement. When the door is to be
closed, the stop is released by pushing the door slightly more open
which releases the stop and allows it to be flipped upwards. A newer
version of equipping the door with the stopping mechanism is to attach a
magnet to the bottom of the door on the side which opens outward which
then latches onto another magnet or magnetic material on the wall or a
small hub on the floor. The magnet must be strong enough to hold the
weight of the door, but weak enough to be easily detached from the wall
or hub.
(http://en.wikipedia.org)
With that in mind lets look at some cool doorstop designs...
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